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Percentage, Profit and Loss
Percentage converts fractions to a base of 100 for easy comparison. Profit/Loss always relate SP and CP, with Profit%/Loss% based on CP. Discount is always based on Marked Price. Successive percentage changes use Net% = a + b + ab/100, and equal-and-opposite percentage changes (x% up then x% down) always give a net decrease of x²/100%. Practice converting between fractions and percentages quickly (1/8=12.5%, 1/6≈16.67%, 1/3≈33.33%) to save time in the exam.
Important topics
- Percentage = (Value/Total) × 100
- Profit = SP − CP; Profit% = (Profit/CP) × 100
- Loss = CP − SP; Loss% = (Loss/CP) × 100
- SP = CP × (100 + Profit%)/100 and SP = CP × (100 − Loss%)/100
- Discount = MP − SP; Discount% = (Discount/MP) × 100
- Successive percentage change formula: Net% = a + b + (ab/100)
- When a value is increased by x% then decreased by x%, net effect is always a decrease of x²/100 percent
- Percentage change from A to B = ((B−A)/A) × 100