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Indian Freedom Struggle: Key Movements and Leaders
INC founded 1885 by A.O. Hume (1st president: W.C. Bonnerjee). Partition of Bengal (1905, Curzon) sparked Swadeshi Movement; rise of Lal-Bal-Pal extremists. Muslim League formed 1906; Lucknow Pact 1916 unified Congress-League. Jallianwala Bagh massacre 13 April 1919 (Amritsar, Gen. Dyer). Non-Cooperation Movement 1920-22 (Gandhi, allied with Khilafat Movement) withdrawn after Chauri Chaura (Feb 1922). Simon Commission (1928, no Indian members) boycotted; Lahore Session (Dec 1929) declared Purna Swaraj. Civil Disobedience Movement 1930-34 began with Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha, 12 March 1930); led to Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931). Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev executed 23 March 1931. Subhas Chandra Bose led INA/Azad Hind Fauj during WWII. Quit India Movement launched 8 August 1942 ('Do or Die'). India independent 15 August 1947; Nehru first PM.
Important topics
- Formation and early ('Moderate') phase of the Indian National Congress (1885)
- Partition of Bengal (1905) and the Swadeshi Movement
- Lal-Bal-Pal trio and rise of Extremist nationalism
- Lucknow Pact (1916) - Congress-Muslim League unity
- Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) and its withdrawal after Chauri Chaura
- Civil Disobedience Movement and the Dandi March (1930)
- Quit India Movement (1942) and the 'Do or Die' call
- Role of revolutionaries (Bhagat Singh) and the Indian National Army (Subhas Chandra Bose)